A Huge Thank You

Thank you to Stephen Adly Guirgis for writing The Last Days of Judas Iscariot and giving us the chance to work on this play which is at once deeply personal and universally broad.

Thank you to our cast for making each and every performance passionate, moving, special and for opening up to each other both on stage every night and here on the blog.

Thank you to our director John Vreeke for your amazing work understanding and translating the musicality of the text onto the stage, for helping to provide the actors with the tools and confidence they needed. Thank you to the designers, company members and Forum board members for your hard work making the production complete.

And a huge thank you to our audience for helping to make The Last Days of Judas Iscariot the most successful production in Forum history. We appreciate your joining us and your reactions and excitement about the production helped to make this a hugely rewarding experience.

Notes from the Cast: Patrick Bussink

Photo Credit: Melissa Blackall Photography

Patrick is a company member here at Forum and is playing our Lord and Savior Himself, Jesus of Nazareth.

—

I figured since it takes me about 2 1/2 hours to mosey out and join the cast onstage, I’d take a couple of weeks to make my entrance to these here cyber-procedings. Better late than never…

So please the court, my name is Patrick and I too am a Catho-hol-ic. Yes, like Guirgis himself and almost half the cast, I also hail from the mothership. I went to Catholic school, did all the sacraments, went to church every week, went to youth group meetings and summer camps building houses for the poor, and I worked in the parish rectory for a couple of years in High School before heading off to College, where all good Catholics go to fall away from the flock.

But despite my pious youth, there were always those pesky questions to wrestle. Questions which got me into trouble in grade school. Questions like: if God is all powerful and merciful and He gave me the capacity for sin and a mind to question his existence, then how could he burn me eternally for acting as He created me (or however I said it when I was 10)? Saint Thomas doubted and he was there. Now 2,000 years later, aren’t I allowed the same measure of doubt, if not more? A LOT more? And one other question: would god strike me down if I didn’t capitalize his name?

Owning my doubt and skepticism has been a huge part of deepening my faith—even though I rarely use the words “my faith”; it’s an ongoing challenge of reconciling what’s been passed down with what actually resonates deep down. Somewhere early on I heard that “faith is not faith unless it’s questioned,” which became my motto. And yet despite my beef with all the dogma, the core teachings of Christ have always been a guiding force: Love thy neighbor as thyself…Judge not lest ye be judged…Blessed are the peacemakers. Those are the big 3 as far as I’m concerned—they’re also the 3 that so many “Christians” seem to forget, which is one of the reasons people get turned off walk away.

As I grew away from the Church in my early 20’s, I went off on a sort of spiritual shopping spree and like a lot of people, I dabbled in eastern traditions—I got into Taoism, Buddhism, meditation & yoga and devoured a slew of new-agey books that rocked my world. All this searching continued to challenge the hogwash of institutional Christianity, while deepening my belief in all the good stuff that stuck with me. And it raised even more questions: is there really a difference between: prayer and meditation? salvation and enlightenment? the holy spirit and the Dharma? Do Jesus and Buddha hang out?

What I’ve come around to is that regardless of country or culture, the real point of religion is to raise our consciousness and bring us into the presence of the eternal, the divine, the universal mind, God, whatever you want to call it. That’s why I’m always drawn to the mystical traditions of any faith—the Sufi poets of Islam, Francis of Assisi and the Jesuits, the Gnostics, and even some pagan traditions. Every religion has its mystics and saints and every religion has its fundamentalists for whom their faith is no more than a battleground and a weapon of fear. Because religion is ultimately a language to communicate with God, and just as no language can rid the world of miscommunication and confusion, no religion is a direct and perfect channel to the divine.

And religion is definitely not the only channel we have. The arts—storytelling, poetry, music, painting, dance—all share the goal of reaching a higher consciousness. That’s why religion has always incorporated the arts, because they help us communicate with the intangible and what’s more intangible than this thing we call God? In our modern culture, we often separate art and religion—there’s a mutual contempt that’s sadly grown between the two. This show has been a beautiful meeting of those two worlds for me, a place where storytelling, poetry and a little music come together in a room to wrestle with some really big questions.

Notes from the Cast: Rex Daugherty

We are in today’s Washington Post Backstage, read the article here.

Today’s cast notes are from Rex Daugherty who is making is Forum debut playing Saint Peter, among others.

Photo by Melissa Blackall

————-

FIGURING IT OUT

I don’t talk much about Faith or my religious background. The most I usually reveal about myself is that I’m a “recovering Baptist.” I think that’s partially because I’m still figuring out so much; faith is an on-going project for me. But a large reason I don’t bring it up is because I’m afraid of stereotype. I grew up in a Southern Baptist church in Oklahoma. I’m still amazed at how many ways my upbringing makes me who I am – whether I embrace these things or not. I’m embarrassed to be associated with men like Jerry Falwell and Fred Phelps. They call themselves Christian, too – but whatever God they serve, I don’t want a part of. I don’t want to be grouped with anyone who uses Jesus to be a narrow minded bigot.

At any rate, I’m very grateful to have the forum (get it…forum?!?) to discuss all these issues. I’m deeply inspired by the courage of this company and cast to explore their own beliefs and talk openly about them.

God, Jesus, Faith, the Bible – all of these things were very real for me when I was a kid. Concrete facts of life. They were also personal; I had a relationship with Jesus. When I was six, I walked the church aisle after telling my dad, “I think I want to be a Christian.” Part of my decision that night was grounded in fear, since the preacher had been talking about hell and eternal suffering. I don’t think I knew what Christianity was, but the alternative sounded like a bad deal. In later years I would question the validity of a conversion rooted in terror rather than a real faith in Jesus, but the truth is, after that childhood moment there was a change in my life. I began to make the effort of living like Christ, whatever that meant to my Baptist, first grade mind. It usually manifested in a fierce dedication to church attendance. Like club meetings, or something. When I was twelve I dedicated my life to the ministry. God’s work. To my almost teenage mind, that was only accomplishable by being either a Preacher or a Missionary (and in moments of honesty with myself, neither felt appealing. But that was for God to dictate and me to obey).

Sometime in junior high I noticed that my parents’ marriage was a little rocky, and I felt like God was telling me to pray that they wouldn’t get a divorce. I was familiar with the words of Jesus in the Bible, “If you have faith the size of a mustard seed, you can move mountains.” So I prayed with full confidence that God wouldn’t let my family split up. I prayed with all the faith I had and trusted God would come through on his end of the deal.

My first year in college my parents got that divorce. Bad timing for Philosophy 101, because with those two things combined, I lost my faith in God. I don’t think I ever stopped believing he existed, but I no longer believed God was interested in human life. For all I knew, he was off in some corner of the galaxy trying to successfully make flan (Thanks, Eddie Izzard). I became depressed and quite cynical, and like Judas, fell into despair. It was during this spiritual darkness that I found theatre. I quickly fell in love with how much compassion there was in the arts. To me, that was something worth giving my life to. Obviously being a preacher or missionary wasn’t appealing anymore, so I became an actor. But something stuck with me from my former religious perspective; I felt like I was betraying my promise to God that I would use my life for “ministry.” Although I wasn’t about to drop out of my university’s theatre department, a voice was seemingly telling me that I was walking further away from God. It was like a divine ultimatum: you can either be an actor or go to Hell. By the way, it’s pretty distracting when you are trying to do Linklater breath work at the cost of eternal damnation.

Years later (during a production of The Orestia, actually…see appendix A for complete story), a lightening bolt of realization hit me. Guilt, shame, and forced loyalty, is not God’s way at all. As I began re-examining what I knew of God, my bitterness against him started to soften. I began to understand the difference between Religion and Faith. One is about guilt and the other is about Hope. I looked again at the Jesus I had grown up with; this time he wasn’t about fierce church attendance or missionary huts in Africa. He wasn’t orthodox at all. It seemed to me that Jesus was way more interested in compassion for humanity – which is what I had discovered in the theatre community. I then realized that it was okay with God if I wanted to be an actor. More than that, I believe God loves that I’m an actor.

To me, this play is about the people that God has seemingly forgotten about. The people Jesus would describe as, “the least of these.” Judas Iscariot being the prime example for that, as St. Monica describes him, “the leastest creature I had ever seen.” It’s a personal story, too; a reminder that God has not given up on me, even when it feels like I’m left to fin for myself. But the beauty of this play is that the message doesn’t stop there, on an individual level. It goes beyond personal satisfaction and challenges our idea of community. I think it reflects the true message of Jesus: he extends compassion on us so we can share it with others. “Follow me and I will make you a fisher of men!” Jesus’ calling of Peter reflects the pay-it-forward ethic that I believe is the heart of God.

And it’s because of this that I often came to rehearsal with a conflicted spirit. Like Julie mentioned, I’ve definitely noticed that working on this play has meant working on myself. To get to our rehearsals space downtown, it was impossible to avoid passing by a lot of people God has seemingly given up on. The “Washington-DC-least-of-these.” Normally I would have city vision (similar to metro mentality, where you shut out the surrounding world so no one will bother you). Normally, I wouldn’t think twice about the people who hit me up for change, or food, or are so far gone I can’t understand what they are saying to me. Ignoring these people is necessary evil of city living, right? But throughout the rehearsal process, it became increasingly difficult to keep up my city face. I kept hearing the words of Guirgis’ Jesus, “Right now I’m waiting to hit you up for free change so I can get high…make no mistake, who I love is every last one. I am every last one.”

My usual way of walking through Washington, DC had been interrupted. This play had ruined normal.

And that’s what I’m still figuring out with this whole experience. That’s what I’ll be carrying with me long after the run of the show is over. I’m not sure what an appropriate response should be, even though I realize it’s a rather overwhelming, open ended issue for anyone to face.

Jesus himself didn’t solve poverty…even if I believe that the miracle of feeding the five thousand actually happened, it was only one meal. Where did the starving masses have dinner?

Notes from the Cast: Emily Webbe

There is only a week of shows left, tickets are selling fast but we added one more performance on Sunday, May 4 at 7:30 pm. Tonight many of us will be at the Helen Hayes Awards with fingers crossed for performers and company members nominated. Even though we are nearing the end of the run we are still getting responses from our cast. Emily Webbe is making her Forum debut playing many characters including Mary Magdalene.

 

Photo by Melissa Blackall

————-

“Despair is the ultimate development of a pride so great and so stiff-necked that it selects the absolute misery of damnation rather than accept happiness from the hands of God and thereby acknowledge that He is above us and that we are not capable of fulfilling our destiny by ourselves.”

This is quoted from Thomas Merton in Guirgis’ Judas, in regards to Judas Iscariot’s ultimate succumbing to despair after having “betrayed” Jesus. And I open my contribution to the Judas blog with this statement because not only therein lies the crux of the play, but it also speaks to me on many different levels.

How dare someone say that despair, due to complete and overwhelming sadness, pain, loss, grief, oppression or violence (etc…) be reflective of one’s own pride? Should those who’ve been tortured in war-torn countries, those who’ve fled from their village to seek political asylum in another more peaceful country and who ultimately suffer from such acute post-traumatic stress that they dissociate from themselves and relive their horrors day in and day out only to develop psychosis resulting in constant nightmares and hallucinations, be labeled prideful? Honestly, this notion disgusts me. Like Freud says in the play, “any God who punishes the mentally ill is not worth worshipping.”

I almost succumbed to despair in the last four months and everyday I struggle and work terribly hard to maintain a sane and “happy” life. Back in December I was living in a ground-floor apartment in a beautiful, residential neighborhood in Alexandria, VA and while sleeping soundly in my bed, in my one-bedroom apartment, alone, I was attacked by an intruder who had slipped into my home while I let my dog out before we went to sleep that night and hid until I was in the most vulnerable states of being-asleep-or maybe he came in through the window I still don’t know, and the police seemingly had no interest in solving the details of this senseless and brutal attack. The man had a knife and attempted to rape me. But I fought him, I bit and I screamed and I got beaten up but I didn’t let him sexually assault or kill me. I fought tooth and nail to save my life. I was at war, in a battle to save my life. And I survived. If that’s not a reason to ultimately succumb to despair, I’m not sure what is.

I continued to work. I moved. And I looked forward to doing this play in the Spring. I’m not sure what was there that night. An angel? God? I’ve always been intensely spiritual, my beliefs incorporate some aspects of Christianity, Buddhism, Native American views of the Great Spirit and so on. The one thing I do know is that when I hike a mountain or watch a sunset I see God and I find refuge in this. I found refuge at 17 years old when I had to continuously hospitalize my father; I found refuge in my dogs throughout the years (which concequently means I’m TOTALLY NOT Catholic because I believe animals have souls and not only have God within them but represent God and unconditional love).

Now? I’m not sure where I find refuge anymore. It’s hard. I’m angry. I’m so incredibly angry. I understand Judas’ anger. I really do. I feel betrayed. Why did this happen to me? Why? What more do I have to endure in this life? I know people say this all the time, but it’s true, it does keep getting harder and harder.

Here I am, though. Here I am and here I’ll stay. Living. I don’t know how or why really sometimes, but I love life. I love it so much. I love laughter and love. Perhaps this is God. I don’t want to miss another sunset, I don’t want to abandon my dog. So here I stay. One step at a time.

Judas is about compassion. Judas is not about judgement or “good” or “bad”. Every time I watch the scene on stage with Judas and Jesus I hope that Judas will go with Jesus, that he will forgive himself and find the beauty in his life-in the meaning of his life. But, I sure do know how hard it is and I certainly don’t judge him for his “paralyzing, immobilizing, overwhelming sadness.”

Response from Forum Company Member Alexander Strain

One of the frequent topics of conversation that Michael Dove and I return to is how to develop theatre projects that are essential. We ponder, debate, and stew (probably more than is healthy) over how to create theatre that is not simply entertaining, or skillfully executed, or filled with marvelous theatricality, but vital to our modern perspectives, sensibilities, and needs. Why, you might wonder, is this such an interesting or worthy topic of conversation?

To determine what is “essential” in something as ephemeral and indefinable as “theatre” proves to be rather difficult given the enormous amount of variables that affect, shape, and dictate how a theatrical performance will run its course. But, without this determination “theatre” as it is will be relegated to a dying and irrelevant medium, easily over-shadowed by the far-reaching capabilities of film, the internet, and any number of mass media outlets. It is, forgive me, really the only question we as theatre artists should be asking, because without it we are squandering an enormous potential.

Admittedly I have had a relatively brief career in the professional theatre world, but still there have been projects that I have been enormously proud of (personally and altruistically), projects that I’d rather not think about, and few that I can honestly call “essential”. Essential theatre transcends the bounds of practical details and obligations, e.g. money, subscribers, season cohesion, boards, auditions, politics, jealous actors, jealous directors, competition, theatre groupies, awards, money, money, money.  Essential theatre taps into what theatre can do that no other artistic medium can achieve, and does it in such a way that an audience can’t help but be moved, validated, challenged, and exhilarated.

What am I getting at?

Essential theatre is a confluence of all the right factors: an accomplished director with a specific vision, a pertinent and dynamic play, a collection of actors enthusiastic and willing enough to surrender to a challenge, a group of designers who can a honor a vision with their own brand of creativity, an audience prepared to accept a journey and share in a collective experience, and a theatre willing to take a few risks. There are examples of this confluence every year throughout DC and the larger theatre community, but it seems to be an increasingly rare event, one that ‘The Last Days of Judas Iscariot’ captures and one that as a proponent of this “essential” concept, I want to protect, promote, and learn from.

Perhaps in a later post I can discuss why I think essential theatre happens, as I think there are a variety of factors that contribute to the previously described confluence. For now I think it worthwhile to discuss what happens when we witness this essential theatre . . . essentially, everything else slips away. For a brief moment we are left with nothing but a collection of individuals expressing ideas free from ego, free from ulterior motives, free from expectation . . . it is theatre at its most pure: the humble exchange of perspective without judgment, an explosive reminder that this is creativity examined, presented, witnessed, and evaluated all under the auspices of human beings with fragile talents and magnificent flaws.

Theatre, at its best, is a humanizing artistic medium (with more potential to be so than any other, in my humble opinion), as it is not witnessed through lenses or screens, or an interpretation of an abstracted form (i.e. painting) but an immediate and direct interaction with human expression.

When a production taps into what keeps theatre fresh, alive, and yes, essential, it is necessary, for me at least, to hold on to what made it so, for fear that theatre is becoming increasingly the medium of the slighted, the lost child of the underlings of a commercial juggernaut, rather than the medium of the connected, vibrant, and joyful proponents of bettering humanity through art.

This is just my uninformed and useless opinion, go see the play, you might not agree.

-Alexander Strain

Dramaturgical Notes

Hannah at the JUDAS opening, surrounded by Coke products

Hannah’s notes from the Last Days of Judas Iscariot program:

About Judas, not a lot is known except that he was chosen to be an Apostle, he betrayed Jesus, and then he hung his-self. Not a lot to go on.

- The Last Days of Judas Iscariot

Truly I tell you: one of you will betray me…The Son of Man is going the way appointed for him in the scriptures; but alas for that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would be better for that man if he had never been born.

- Matthew 26:21, 24 (NEB)

The story of Judas takes up a very small part of the Gospels. Judas was an apostle. He was trusted, respected, and yet he turned on his leader. Thirty pieces of silver were placed in his hand and the course of history was changed. Jesus was kissed and arrested, tried, beaten, and put on the cross. Judas killed himself before he was able to see Jesus’ resurrection. Jesus was revered and Judas was cast as the lowest of villains.

The stories continue to be told of Judas in Hell. Judas has been reviled throughout history, along with the Jews, Caiaphas the Elder, and Pontius Pilate. Dante envisioned Judas in the lowest level of Hell, hanging out of Satan’s mouth. Only the recently unearthed Gospel of Judas shows Jesus and Judas working together. The apocryphal Gospel was admonished by early Church leaders and disappeared. God did not forgive Judas, and neither did man.

In Catholic school, Stephen Adly Guirgis was told the story of Judas. The nuns told him the story of God turning away from a man. The God that he had been told was forgiving did not forgive. This new view of a vengeful, unforgiving God made Guirgis doubt. That doubt stayed with him for years. In his introduction to the published edition of Judas, he writes,

From then on … I was in no hurry to seek out God. In fact, I had no sense of who or what God was. I did believe that “God” existed—I still do—but that was about it. And knowing or believing that God existed but avoiding him probably instilled in me a lot of shame and guilt. There’s nothing wrong with that. I wasn’t avoiding “God.” I was avoiding myself.

But Guirgis could not avoid exploring his spiritual connection for long. His doubts made him question God, and that questioning inspired his writing. In plays like Jesus Hopped the A Train and Our Lady of 121st Street, Guirgis fused his knowledge of the world surrounding him with his own spiritual quest. In The Last Days of Judas Iscariot, that quest became a trial.

Guirgis’ play questions faith and is at the same time an act of faith. The characters we see on stage come out of the Bible, but their voices come off the streets. The questions they ask are to both God and man: should Judas be forgiven? Should he have a reprieve from Hell? These are the questions asked in the courtroom. But Guirgis is implying something deeper. The arguments are not being made just for Judas. It is Guirgis on trial, it is all of us. In Guirgis’ courtroom, the audience is asked to see themselves. We are the jury, we are the judge, we are the defense, and we are the prosecution. We are Judas, stuck in self-doubt and despair, and we are Jesus, with the capability to bestow love and forgiveness. The questions we are left with are not about Judas and what has passed, but about our lives now. Can we forgive? And can we be forgiven?

Why We Chose This Play and What It Means To Us

My notes from the Last Days of Judas Iscariot program:
“Forum Theatre’s goal is to create an environment where ideas about our common experience can be expressed, discussed, and shared through the plays we produce. Over the years, we’ve covered the horrors of war, the corruption of government, the pernicious influence of the media, and loads else. You know that adage, “Don’t talk about religion or politics in public”? Well, we figured it was time to fully break that rule.

What we didn’t expect was the debate it started.

Forum has produced 11 shows in our four years in DC, and never has one generated so much discussion among the company. From the actors, to the designers, to the backstage personnel, this play has touched on something deep within all of us. No matter our background or belief, The Last Days of Judas Iscariot has already been a remarkable experience. From the back and forth e-mail discussions to the rehearsal break debates to the production meetings, the ideas of this play have had us talking nonstop about belief, faith, and forgiveness. Even the auditions were filled with personal stories and fascinating religious debates. Each and every one of us has brought a unique perspective to the play. The result is a deeply passionate work that we are eager to share with you.

Every winter, the company sits down to discuss possible scripts and ideas for the next season. We usually start with about 25 possibilities and slowly narrow down the field until we’ve agreed on three or four plays. We knew from day one that Judas had to be seen. The night I found it at a bookstore, took it home, and read it three times, I knew it was something special. John Vreeke and I had been looking at several projects over the years to collaborate on, so I passed it on to him the next day. It took him much the same way it took me, and we decided immediately that we wanted to do this show.

Finally, after nearly two years of planning, casting, and rehearsing, we have arrived at the most exciting moment: the time we share this show with you, our community. We are very eager to bring the discussion and experience to you. No matter where you come from or what you believe, we hope that the ideas raised in this play will stick with you and carry over to your post-show commute, your dinner tables, or your workplace break rooms.

Thank you for coming and being a part of this journey.

Michael”

Wow-ee Zow-ee!!!

What a fantastic opening weekend for The Last Days of Judas Iscariot! Congratulations to the cast, crew and Forum team. Thank you to all who made it to our two previews and opening night show. Now everyone gets a well deserved break for a few days before the performance Thursday night (followed by an OpenForum post-show discussion). I’m so excited to keep coming back night after night to this show…

How Did Jesus Die?

Michael here–

Thought I’d post a quick link in the midst of JUDAS pre-opening craziness.  With uncanny timeliness, the Washington City Paper published an article this week on the scientific/medical explanation for how crucifixion actually kills.

You can find the link here.

How’s that for an “extra feature?”

Back to the theatre—hope to see some of you this weekend~

m

Notes from the Cast: Maggie Glauber

Maggie is a company member with Forum who has appeared in productions of Kid-Simple: a radio play in the flesh (photo above), The Memorandum, and BECKETT: The Shorter Plays.  In The Last Days of Judas Iscariot she plays Mother Theresa and Loretta.

————-

I find religion to be a very personal thing; a belief  that you as an individual must experience, a spiritual journey to figure out the world and you in it. This is a very exposing exercise. My father is
Catholic, my mother is Protestant, and I am me. When asked, which by the way Americans seem to be obsessed with labeling folks, I state that I am both Catholic and Protestant. There is no lie in my
statement since I used to attend both churches with my parents. Sometimes I went to church three times a Sunday as a kid. I was baptized with a Priest and a Minister present and my family is very
active in American Association of Interchurch Families (AAIF) http://www.aaifusa.org. Check out the website if you are interested, it is a cool group of people.

I have a hard time with religious organizations that state beliefs in black and white terms, “it can only be this way.” For me the world has too many gray areas. I play Mother Teresa in the show and she, in her public life, lived in the black and white dogma. As recent documents have shown her private life was full of more doubt, the grays of life, if you will. For her job, Mother T had to be of complete convictions. Her fears and doubts of God not wanting her, of God not being God, etc
are similar to many questions and doubts we have in our own lives. Anyone ever had doubts about being liked by your “crush,” friends, or even your dog? Or how did we end here in the world? How can there be a God when there is so much suffering? Mother Teresa’s life was no picnic and she wasn’t always a saint to deal with either. But she makes me wonder-  What is it like to live a public and private life? Saints and those to be canonized were once real people (except for
maybe some of the earlier myth based Saints) with flaws and fears, just like us. After seeing the show think about how much gray there is.

Mother Teresa quotes Thomas Merton about despair, a sin that both suffered from in their lives. Listen carefully for when despair is mentioned in the show. I feel the way in which Adly-Guirgis uses the despair quote, it is to highlight the state of static. If nothing changes your state, for good or bad, then what is the value of it? With God’s help life will get better or God has a plan for you with the difficult times. If you trust in that belief something has to change. Despair puts everything on hold. If you believe in purgatory, isn’t it static as well? And what is Judas but lost in despair, staticin purgatory?

Side notes:
1) Thomas Merton spent a good chunk of time at the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemeni near Bardstown, Kentucky. It is lovely place where meditation happens as soon as you step on the grounds, and they have excellent cheese.  I grew up in Louisville and went to the abbey with my family and the AAIF when I was in middle school. One of the monks spoke with the group in a causal setting. He shared that back in the day all the monks ever knew about the outside world was told to them by the Abbey. He said that the Abbey announced the start of WWII and its ending, the rest was silence. Life at the Abbey is quite different now but can you imagine being free from the world’s constant barrage of information?

2) When I was a temp, a long time ago, I found this website: http://www.catholic.org. Go to the saints section and read up on all the saints. The stories of the saints’ lives are fabulous! Saint Genesius is a ridiculous saint and he reminds me of a few actors I’ve worked with in the past. Read about my favorite Saint here:http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=185